Eighth Circuit
Clinton v. Garrett, No. 21-2763, at *14 (8th Cir. Sep. 21, 2022) (“By the clearly established law, this court ‘cannot sanction stops justified only by the generalized and ever-present possibility that interrogation and inspection may reveal that any given motorist has committed some crime.'” … “The officers also argue that they were acting on the advice of attorneys that the stop was valid. The officers’ subjective opinions about the constitutionality of their actions have no bearing on qualified immunity analysis.”).
Garcia v. City of New Hope, 19-1836, 2021 WL 28012, at *6 (8th Cir. Jan. 5, 2021) (“Officer Jacobs’s testimony and the blurry video are not enough to show that Officer Baker had an objectively reasonable belief—based on the totality of the circumstances—that the license plate was unlawfully covered.”).
Parada v. Anoka County, 332 F. Supp. 3d 1229, 1241 (D. Minn. 2018) (“Caballes and Rodriguez clearly establish that a seizure cannot extend beyond the time necessary to issue a traffic ticket. . . . And while Parada cannot use Rule 6.01 to establish a Fourth Amendment violation, the Rule is evidence that Oman should know that a full custodial arrest is not necessary−and indeed not even allowed in Minnesota−to issue a citation for driving without a license.”).
Duffie v. City of Lincoln, 834 F.3d 877, 884 (8th Cir. 2016) (“At the time of Duffie’s stop, the law clearly established that a traffic stop must be supported by reasonable suspicion.”).