Eighth Circuit
Doe v. Hennepin County, 2025 WL 2524604, at *7 (D. Minn. Aug. 21, 2025) (“In the Eighth Circuit, where a treating physician provides ‘[g]rossly incompetent’ medical care to a custodial patient, including by ‘tak[ing] an easier and less efficacious course of treatment,’ she violates the Constitution, and may be subject to civil liability under Section 1983.”).